📊 Capítulo 04: Middlewares & Exceções no Laravel

Especialização Backend com PHP & Laravel

🗺️ Configuração de Middlewares e Exceções no Laravel 11 (bootstrap/app.php)

flowchart TD
    BOOT["bootstrap/app.php"]
    --> WITH_MW["->withMiddleware(function (Middleware $middleware) { ... })"]
    WITH_MW --> ALIAS["$middleware->alias(['admin' => EnsureUserIsAdmin::class])"]
    WITH_MW --> STATELESS["$middleware->statefulApi()"]
    BOOT --> WITH_EX["->withExceptions(function (Exceptions $exceptions) { ... })"]
    WITH_EX --> RENDER["$exceptions->render(function (CustomException $e) { return response()->json(...); })"]

    style BOOT fill:#ede7f6,stroke:#512da8,stroke-width:2px
    style WITH_MW fill:#fff3e0,stroke:#ff9800,stroke-width:2px
    style ALIAS fill:#e8f5e9,stroke:#4caf50,stroke-width:1.5px
    style STATELESS fill:#e1f5fe,stroke:#03a9f4,stroke-width:1.5px
    style WITH_EX fill:#ffebee,stroke:#d32f2f,stroke-width:2px
    style RENDER fill:#c8e6c9,stroke:#2e7d32,stroke-width:1.5px

🎯 Slide 1: Estrutura de um Middleware no Laravel

namespace App\Http\Middleware;

use Closure;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class ForcarRespostaJson {
    public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next): Response {
        $request->headers->set('Accept', 'application/json');
        return $next($request);
    }
}

🎯 Slide 2: Tratamento Fluente de Erros no Laravel 11

// No bootstrap/app.php
->withExceptions(function (Exceptions $exceptions) {
    $exceptions->render(function (SaldoInsuficienteException $e, Request $request) {
        return response()->json([
            'erro' => 'Operação recusada',
            'detalhe' => $e->getMessage(),
        ], 422);
    });
})

🎯 Slide 3: Respostas Padronizadas em JSON para APIs

• O Laravel detecta automaticamente requisições com header Accept: application/json e nunca redireciona para páginas HTML em erros 401 ou 422!